各类从句的用法

只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句;
两个或多个简单句由连词 and,but,so,for,or,连接到一起就是并列句;
由两个或多个简单句的嵌套所构成的句子叫复合句;
复合句又叫主从句也可简称为从句。初中阶段学习的从句有定语从句、状语从句和名词类从句。

学习从句之前,首先要知道一个通常的句子中都有些什么,通常一个句子中可以有的主要成分是主、谓、宾、表、补语,此外就都是起修饰作用的定语和状语。

请看一例:The Chinese teacher always makes the students of Class Three very happy.语文老师总是让三班的学生们很开心。由此例可见,句子中除主、谓、宾、宾补之外,剩下的就都是定语和状语,定语和状语不是句子的主要成分,它们是句子中的修饰部分。
定语就是描述名词或代词的词语,例如形容词就可做定语。
状语就是描述动词或全句的词语,例如副词就可做状语。(有时间状语,地点状语等很多类型)


一、定语
定语可由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、分词、介词短语、不定式等... 来充当。 英语中的定语,可以在被修饰词前,也可以在其后,较复杂的大都在其后。比如:
a red bus;a story book;there is a boy in red;a bus running on the road
1. 名词和形容词可作定语:
a stone bridge 石桥;a meeting room 会议室;morning exercise 早操  two women teachers 两位女教师;a sports meet 运动会 a tall policeman 一个高个子的警察;the busy street 繁华的街道 some funny stories 几个有趣的故事;She has an English friend.她有一个英国朋友。
2. 副词可作定语:
副词可以修饰动词,描述动作发生的时间、地点、强度、频率等等。也可以作定语,修饰名词代词等等。(有些地点副词和时间、方向副词还可以修饰名词,作名词的定语)。比如:
I get food here 我得到了这里的食物;the way home 回家的路; newspapers today 今天的报纸;students abroad 国外的学生。
3.介词短语可作定语:
要放在在名词的后面,这和汉语习惯不一样,比如汉语说“村子里的人”,英语要说成“people in the village”; 又如:the trees in the garden 园中的树;the temple on the top of the mountain山顶的庙宇
4. 分词可作定语:现在分词和过去分词也能作定语。它们与被修饰词有主动或被动的关系。例如:
The girl sitting here is his sister. 坐在这里的女孩是他的妹妹。 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 被邀请参加聚会的大多数人都是著名的科学家。

5. 定语从句:用一个句子作定语就是定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词,后面紧跟的关联词就叫引导词,定语的引导词代表着先行词,之后就是该从句。(引导词有三个作用:引导从句,代表先行词,也是从句里的成分。)比如:
She is the girl who wrote me a letter.她就是那个给我写信的姑娘。(先girl,引who,who也是从句主语);
She is the girl whom I wrote a letter to.她就是我给他写信的那个姑娘。(先girl,引whom,whom是从宾,由从句的最后提到前面)。
定语从句的引导词只有下面这9个:关系代词:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词:when, where, why 。
其中that可代表人或物;who、whom可代表人(主宾格);which可代表人和物;Where代表地点;when代表时间;why代表原因;whose代表谁的。由此可见定语从句的引导词还是比较简洁明确的。举例如下:
⑴ That引导的定语从句(一般情况that 也可代替who、whom、which)
This is the book that I bought with you yesterday.这是我昨天和你一起买的书。
The comrade that(who)is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker. 正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that(whom)you talked about yesterday? 这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗?
The letter that(which)I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
⑵ 由who,whom,whose,which,why,as引导的定语从句
This is the thief who stole my bike.这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside. 妈妈是医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”. 妈妈上周给我买的那本书名叫《红星照耀中国》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum. 鲁迅曾经住过的房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
The boy,whose hat is red,studies very hard.那个帽子是红色的小男孩学习很努力。
He will go back to the school where he once studied next week.下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
As we can see,he is a Chinese. (he is a Chinese as we can see)正如我们所见,他是一个中国人。
He heard a loud noise,which brought her heart into her mouth.他听到一声巨响,使他很震惊。
These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
⑶ 由关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
They went back to London, where was their hometown.他们回到了伦敦,那时他们的家乡。
[注意点]
定语从句可分为两种情况:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。区别如下:
①限定性定语从句的特点是:叙述的事物内容限制性很强,即从句不可无,也不可用逗号分开。可多用that引导,仅用于修饰先行词。(引导词做宾语或表语时有时可省略。)
②非限定性定语从句特点是:从句去掉后对全句无大影响,从句要用逗号标出来。不准用that可多用which引导,引导词不可省略。不仅可修饰先行词,也可修饰全句或部分句子。
③限定性与非限定性,有的区别大,有的也仅仅是格式不同而已。如下面的示例就差别不大。
I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个当医生的姐姐。(限定)
I have a sister,who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是医生。(不限定)
⑸ 练习:(括号内可省略)
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever. 穿黑夹克的那个男孩很聪明。(限定性)
I like those books whose topics are about history. 我喜欢那些以历史为主题的书。
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. 她是我非常想见的流行歌星。
The book (which) I gave you was worth $ 10. 我给你的那本书值10美元。
All that they told me surprised me. 他们告诉我的一切使我吃惊。
This is the place where he used to live. 这就是他过去居住的地方。
Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.我们的向导,是一位法裔加拿大人,是一位出色的厨师。(非限定性)
We walked down the village street,where they were having market day.我们沿着村里的街道走着,那里正在赶集。

▲定语从句要后置;形容词短语作定语时也要后置;当形容词修饰由 any-,every-,no-,some- 和 -body,-one,-thing 等构成的复合不定代词时也要后置。如:(someone important 重要的人;somebody else 别人;everything on earth;地球上的一切。)

▲which、in which、on which和of which都可以引导定语从句,其中which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;in which和on which也可替换为where表示(在…里;在…上),in which强调(场所、环境),on which强调(位置、时间);of which表示(…的)。如: The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的那所学校很有名。

▲初中英语中:通常复合句中从句的语序都是陈述句语序,先主语后谓语,只是引导词被提到前头了,疑问式也是这样。还要记住:主句中有主谓结构,从句中也有,这样就允许见到两个谓语动词,它们并不冲突。

▲(以下为阅读内容)
定语从句的引导词中,that和which有时可通用,下面前5条用that引导,第6用which。
①先行词是不定代词: everything, anything, nothing,all, none, few, little, some等。
②当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时。
③当先行词被序数词,数词,形容词最高级,或the very, the only, the same, the last等修饰时。
④当先行词既有人又有物时;当先行词是who或前面有who, which时;当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
⑤只有限定性定语从句可用。(以上5条就是要用that,而不能用which)
⑥若先行词是整个主句,那么一定用which引导,在非限定性从句中,名词也多由其引导,介词之后也是which。


二、壮语
状语通常可由副词、形容词、介词短语、分词、分词短语、不定式等... 来充当。
英语中的状语,位置灵活多样,不同的类型不同的位置习惯,可以在被修饰词的前后,也可以在句首或句尾。短语大都在后。比如:
时间副词:already,just放动词前面;early, late,later,before,yet 等一般在句尾。
频度副词:usually,sometimes,often可放句首;once,twice,three times一般放句尾。
疑问副词:when、how、why总在句首。
地点副词:一般在句尾,但here,there还可以放句首。
程度副词:very,much等大都放在被修饰词之前,但enough总是放在被修饰词之后。
其它副词:too (也)either(也不)在句尾;also动词前;nor (也不)放句首;so(如此,这样)放形容词副词前;on,off(开,关)放动词后;not放be之后或助动词之后,不定式和动名词之前;maybe/perhaps(大概、或许、可能)放句首;certainly(当然、确实)放句首或动词前;suddenly(突然)可放句首句尾或动词前。(这些规律就是一些习惯用法,接触多了就熟了,勿背。)
1. 副词做状语
he did his housework carefully。他认真地做家务。
2. 介词短语做状语
he did his homework carefully in the classroom。他在教室里认真地做作业。
3.形容词做状语
He got home tired. 他回到家累了。
4.分词做状语
The child sitting there is Tom. 坐在那里的那个孩子是汤姆。
The man tied up is a thief. 被绑起来的那个人是个小偷。
5.状语从句:用句子做状语就是状语从句,其实它和短语作状语的情况差不多,只是从句放主句前面的较多。引导词有引导作用,也都是正当的句子成分,虽然其引导词很多很乱,但无特殊规定,只有多接触方可增强记忆,状语从句也就是某些词汇的习惯用法。
⑴时间状语从句 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until等
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.约翰在看电视时,他的妻子在做饭。
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
⑵地点状语从句 常用引导词:Where,wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你去哪里,你都应该努力工作。
⑶原因状语从句 常用引导词:because,since, as,for (=Now that)
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.既然大家都来了,我们开始开会吧。
As I didn’t know the way,I asked a policeman.我不认识路,因而问警察。
Since you won’t help me ,I’ll ask someone else.你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。
⑷目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that,in order that等。
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 老板让秘书快点把信写好,以便他签名。
⑸结果状语从句 常用引导词:so that, so… that, such … that 等。
He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起得很早,赶上了第一班公共汽车。
⑹条件状语从句 常用引导词:if, unless,as/so long as, only if,等。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要你继续努力,你一定会成功的。
⑺让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although,even if, even though,等。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. 即使天气恶劣,这位老人也总是喜欢游泳。
Although he failed in the exam,he never gave up his goals。虽然他考试失败了,但他从未放弃他的目标。
⑻比较状语从句 常用引导词:as, than,(the...,the...)等。
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.她的脾气和她母亲一样坏。
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.英语听得越多就越容易。
⑼方式状语从句 常用引导词:as,as if,how,等。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她表现得好像她是老板似的。(引导词在句中)

▲状语从句大都放在主句前面,紧跟逗号,但也有的放主句后面的,那就无需逗号。如:I'd like to bring my dog here while I'm studying. 我想在我学习的时候把狗带到这里来 (I'd=I would)。

▲状语从句的引导词也是大都放在从句的句首,但也有放从句的中间或句尾的。如:如as, as if要放在相关项之间。You should do as the teacher tells you.你应当依照老师所说的去做。(依照)It seems as if it is going to rain.看来好像要下雨了。(好像)


三、名词性从句包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句都是名词性从句,所以它们的引导词也都基本相同,有连词、连接代词、连接副词等。
1.主语从句:引导词有:(连)that、whether(代)who、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever(副)when、where、how、why等。主语从句的引导词中,That只引导无词义(但不可省略),其它引导词都是句子中的成分。示例:
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery.他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的,仍然是个谜。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事是怎么发生的,谁也不清楚。

▲主语从句常用it作形式主语:当主语从句很长且主句很短时,或主语从句的主句是疑问句时,就可以用it作形式主语,而将主语从句放在句末。一般常用句型为:It+ is+{主句其它部分}+主语从句。(引导词多为that或whether、what、who等)如:
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知,光沿直线传播。
=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光沿直线传播。
It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. 据报道,有16人在地震中丧生。
It seems reasonable to ask him to buy a book. 要求他买一本书,看起来是合理的。(省that)
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
Has it been settled who will go?谁去决定了吗?(疑问句)

▲而强调句则不同,结构:It+be+被强调部分+从句(被强调部分是后面句子中的成分被提前了)
It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄。(主语从句)
It was yesterday that all the members held a meeting. 就在昨天,所有的成员召开了一次会议。(强调句)

2.宾语从句:(宾语从句可有三种情况:及物动词的宾语,介词的宾语,形容词的宾语。)
宾语从句的常用连接引导词有连词that(口语中可省),whether(+or not),if(二者可互换)。
连接代词what, which, who, whom等。连接副词when, where, how, why等。例如:
They believe that you are right.他们相信你是对的。(that大都可省)
I am sure what I ought to do. 我知道我应该做什么。(形容词的宾语)
Can you tell me which class you are in?您能告诉我,您在哪一班吗?
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. 每个人都知道钱不是从树上长出来的。
Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 请去查一下火车什么时候到达。
I am interested in what she is doing. 我对她正在做的事很感兴趣。(介词的宾语)
I don't suppose you're used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。(否定的转移)
I don't believe she'll arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。(否定的转移)
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 我对他是否适合这项工作有点怀疑。
I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
I’Il do whatever I can do. 我将做我所能做的事。
He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
Can you tell me why she is crying?你能告诉我她为什么哭吗?
I didn’t know which coat he liked?我不知道他喜欢哪件外套?
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。(whether与or not连用)

▲That作宾语从句引导词时只能用于陈述句,that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,无实际意思,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:He said (that) it was cold in Moscow. 他说莫斯科很冷。

▲可根据实情确定时态。若主句是一般现在时,从句可根据情况确定时态,如:He says that he has been ill for two days. 他说他病了两天了。若主句是一般过去时,从句可根据情况确定相应的某种过去的时态,She said that she would return soon. 她说了她很快就会回来。若是客观事实或真理,那么主从句就都是一般现在时。

3. 表语从句:在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句,位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同,也是名词性从句的一种。引导词为:that,what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,as,as if,as though,because等。示例如下:
She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她似乎做了一件大事。
It is because you eat too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他十年前想成为的人。
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. 她在我昨天站的地方呆了一个小时。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是我们应该保持冷静。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是他什么时候能到旅馆。
who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. 明天他将和我一起去北京。
whether the enemy is marching towards us. 敌人是否在向我们挺进。
What the police want to know is when you enred red the room警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。
The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。
This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。
That’s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。
His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。
She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。
It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。
He has become a teacher. 他已成为一名教师。(非表语从句)
She has remained there for an hour. 她在那儿已经呆了一个小时了。(非…)

4. 同位语从句:同位语从句用于对前面的名词做进一步解释,说明前面名词的具体内容。
同位语从句一般由that引导,也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导(what,which,who,when,where,why,how)。其中常用引导词that只起引导作用,在句中不充当任何成分。但不能省略。
同位语从句一般跟在:news,fact,hope,idea, doubt,question,wish,suggestion,information,decision,discovery, truth,promise,statement,problem,rule等等名词后面。举例如下:
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 我们明天放假的消息不实。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.是对还是错的问题取决于结果。
Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
The question who will take his place is still not clear.谁会接替他的位置现在还不清楚。
His suggestion where we go is reasonable.关于我们去哪儿,他的建议是合理的。
I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他现在在干什么。
The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent.老师不知道杰克为什么缺席。
I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她什么时候回来。
=I don't know when she'll be back. 我不知道她什么时候回来。(宾语从句)
It’s a question how he did it. 问题是他是怎么做的。
The suggestion that the new rule(should)be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 李老师将成为我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位语从句)
The news that we heard was false.我们听到的消息是假的。(定语从句)
有时同位语从句也可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如下:
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.我提议我们下周开个会。(虚拟句)
She made a request that the doctor (should) be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。(虚拟句)

▲proposal建议,wish希望,request请求,resolution决议,…等等名词后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气,构成“should+原形动词”的句型, should也可以省略。

▲何为虚拟语气句,就是用假设或推测、建议要求希望或责备等口气来说事,它是有区别于陈述句的。如:(if he is busy, we won’t go.如果他很忙,我们就不去了。)这是陈述句形式,若以假设口气可以改成如下说法:(If he were busy, we wouldn’t go)。这类句子外观主要的特点就是在复合句中往往要有“would/should/could”情态动词的过去式。(Will not= won’t) (详见初中英语要点B--虚拟语气)

▲从句中的引导词that有时可以省略:
在定语从句中,如果引导词that在从句中充当宾语或表语时可以省略。
在主语从句,同位语从句中,引导词that一般都不能省略。
在表语从句中,当主句中有do(各种形式)或者从句中有虚拟语气时引导词that可以省略。
在宾语从句中,一般通常情况可以省略,但在that位于句首时,或做介词的宾语时,或句子比较复杂时不应省略。